Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Home Care Services for Patients with Diabetic Foot / 간호행정학회지

PURPOSE: This study was a retrospective survey to examine economic feasibility of home care services for patients with diabetic foot. METHODS: The participants were 33 patients in the home care services (HC) group and 27 in the non-home care services (non-HC) group, all of whom were discharged early after inpatient treatment. Data were collected from medical records. Direct medical costs were calculated using medical fee payment data. Cost-effectiveness ratio was calculated using direct medical costs paid by the patient and the insurer until complete cure of the diabetic foot. Effectiveness was the time required for a complete cure. Direct medical costs included fees for hospitalization, emergency care, home care, ambulatory fees, and hospitalization or ambulatory fees at other medical institutions. RESULTS: Mean for direct medical costs was 11,118,773 won per person in the HC group, and 16,005,883 won in the non-HC group. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p=.042). Analysis of the results for cost-effectiveness ratio showed 91,891 won per day in the HC patients, and 109,629 won per day in the non-HC patients. CONCLUSION: Result shows that the cost-effectiveness ratio is lower HC patients than non-HC patients, that indicates home care services are economically feasible.

Subacute Oral Toxicity Study of Korean Red Ginseng Extract in Sprague-Dawley Rats

Ginseng is a well-known traditional medicine used in Asian countries for several thousand years, and it is currently applied to medicine, cosmetics, and nutritional supplements due to its many healing and energy-giving properties. It is well demonstrated that ginsenosides, the main ingredient of ginseng, produce a variety of pharmacological and therapeutic effects on central nerve system (CNS) disorders, cardiovascular disease, endocrine secretions, aging, and immune function. Korean red ginseng extract is a dietary supplement containing ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rg1 extracted from Panax ginseng. While the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the extract have been well established, its toxicological properties remain obscure. Thus, four-week oral toxicity studies in rats were conducted to investigate whether Korean red ginseng extract could have a potential toxicity to humans. The test article was administered once daily by oral gavage to four groups of male and female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg/day for four weeks. Neither deaths nor clinical symptoms were observed in any group during the experiment. Furthermore, no abnormalities in body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weights, or histopathology were revealed related to the administration of the test article in either sex of any dosed group. Therefore, a target organ was not determined in this study, and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Korean red ginseng extract was established to be 2,000 mg/kg/day.

Impact of Critical Thinking Disposition, General Self-Efficacy, and Leadership on Clinical Competence in Nursing Students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships among critical thinking disposition, general self-efficacy, leadership and clinical competence, and identify the factors influencing clinical competence in nursing students. METHODS: In this descriptive study, 153 nursing students (from 2nd to 4th school year) of a university in South Korea were enrolled in December 2010. The instruments for this study were the Korean versions of the Critical Thinking Disposition Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, Leadership Inventory, and Clinical Competence Scale. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, MANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression with PASW 18.0 software. RESULTS: The mean scores (ranging from 1 to 5) in nursing students for critical thinking disposition, general self-efficacy, leadership, and clinical competence were 3.44, 3.51, 3.55, and 3.42, respectively. Positive correlations were found for clinical competence with critical thinking disposition, general self-efficacy, and leadership. The strongest predictor of clinical competence was leadership. In addition, leadership, nursing school year, and subjective academic achievement accounted for 34.5% of variance in clinical competence. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that developing leadership, critical thinking disposition, and self-efficacy in undergraduate nursing education is important to improve clinical competence of nursing students.

Validation of the Korean Version of the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (K-GPCog) / 재활간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the General Practitioner Assessment of Cognition (K-GPCog) scale. METHOD: The K-GPCog consists of the 2 subscales, patients and caregivers. Using a sample of 412 community-based Korean older adults, internal consistency reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha. To evaluate validity of the K-GPCog, correlational analysis was conducted using Pearson r between K-GPCog and the Korean Dementia Screening Questionnaire (KDSQ). RESULTS: Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the K-GPCog patients' and caregivers' subscales .788 and .794 respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficients were r=-.374, r=-.481, and r=-.493, respectively for the subscales of patients and primary caregivers, and total K-GPCog. The degree of diagnostic agreement about the risk for cognitive disorders of older adults showed 11.7% and 11.2% respectively for the K-GPCog and the KDSQ. CONCLUSION: The findings provided preliminary evidence of the K-GPCog as a useful screening measure for detecting mild cognitive disorders of Korean older adults. The K-GPCog is particularly useful to identify cognitive disorders from primary caregivers when it is difficult to assess the level of cognition of older adults.

Acute and Subchronic Inhalation Toxicity of n-Octane in Rats

OBJECTIVES: We have investigated the toxic effects of the inhalation of subchronic and acute levels of n-octane. METHODS: The rats were exposed to n-octane of 0, 2.34, 11.68 and 23.36 mg/L (n = 5 rats/group/gender) in an acute inhalation test (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) TG 403), or to 0, 0.93, 2.62 and 7.48 mg/L (n = 10 rats/group/gender) for a subchronic inhalation test (OECE TG 413), to establish a national chemical management system consistent with the Globally Harmonized Classification System (GHS). RESULTS: Acutely-exposed rats became lethargic but recovered following discontinuation of inhalation. Other clinical symptoms such as change of body weight and autopsy finds were absent. The LC50 for the acute inhalation toxicity of n-octane was determined to exceed 23.36 mg/L and the GHS category was 'not grouping'. Subchronically-treated rats displayed no significant clinical and histopathological differences from untreated controls; also, target organs were affected hematologically, biochemically and pathologically. Therefore, the no observable adverse effect level was indicated as exceeding 7.48 mg/L and the GHS category was 'not grouping' for the specific target organ toxicity upon repeated exposure. CONCLUSION: However, n-octane exposure should be controlled to be below the American Conference of Industrial Hygienists recommendation (300 ppm) to prevent inhalation-related adverse health effects of workers.

A Comparison of the Awareness of Medical Residents' Power Style, Communication Type and Organizational Effectiveness in Nurses and Technologists / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: This study is a descriptive research comparing the awareness of medical residents' power style, communication type and organizational effectiveness in nurses and technologists. METHODS: A standardized survey questionnaire was sent to 288 nurses, 85 radiological technologists, and 107 medical technologists working at 4 university hospitals in a metropolitan area. Collected data were analyzed using statistical methods including 2-test, t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. RESULTS: There was a noticeable difference between the nurses and the technologists in their awareness of medical residents' power style and communication type. Power style and communication type correlates significantly with job satisfaction and organizational commitment. When residents exercised coercive power, downward communication took place between the residents and nurses and technologists. It also affected the overall amount of communication, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. CONCLUSION: To ensure active communication between medical residents and other allied health professionals and to promote mutually satisfying relationships, open and active communication channels should be provided. Communication skills training for every member of a hospital organization is needed to encourage effective horizontal communication.

A Longitudinal Study on Moral Judgment Development in Nursing and Medical Students / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: In this longitudinal study, we examined the moral judgment level and its related factors, such as individual characteristics. The result of this study will provide baseline data to establish policy of ethics education for college students and healthcare professionals. METHOD: We enrolled 37 nursing students and 20 medical students as the subjects in a university in Suwon, Korea. We conducted a questionnaire on the subjects using Korean version of Defining Issues Test(DIT) to analyze the subjects' moral judgment level. Collected data was coded using ASCII document and scored using Fortran program for computer. Then the data was statistically analyzed by SPSS Version 10.0. RESULT: Nursing students' moral development score at each stage were consistently higher at stage 5A across 4-years rather than other stages. On the other hand, medical students' moral development score were consistently higher at stage 4 than other stages. There was no significant difference in the change P(%) score at each academic year in both groups. In the perspective of the subjects' general characteristics, P(%) score showed no significant in both groups. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of this study, further studies will examine the correlation between curriculum and moral judgment development in detail. Moreover, we suggest that the current ethics education should be developed and evaluated in more realistic manner.

Effect of Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Against the Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Ischemic Stroke Model

BACKGROUND: Nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activated by DNA damage participates in DNA repair. However, overactivation of PARP could be an important pathogenic mechanism of ischemic cell death. We investigated the protective effect of an inhibitor of PARP, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), against ischemia/reperfusion injury in ischemic stroke model. METHODS: Occlusion of left middle cerebral artery (MCA) was done by intraluminal filament technique in 24 rats weighing from 315 g to 358 g, and reperfusion was done at 2 hours after occlusion. To evaluate the effect of PARP inhibitor in ischemic stroke, 3-AB was administered to 12 rats (3-AB group) 10 minutes before artificial occlusion of left MCA. Infarct area was confirmed by using 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain. The immunoreactivities of poly (ADP-ribose) reflecting activity of enzyme PARP and activated caspase-3 were compared in infarct, peri-infarct and normal zones in 3-AB group and 12 controls. RESULTS: The volume of infarction was decreased about 34% in 3-AB group compared with controls. In 3-AB group, immunoreactivities of PAR were significantly reduced in ischemic regions, especially peri-infarct zone, but those of activated caspase-3 were significantly increased in same region. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that treatment of PARP inhibitor can reduce the infarct volume by converting necrotic cell death into apoptosis. PARP inhibition can be another potential neuroprotective strategy in ischemic stroke.

Analysis on the Results of Developmental Screening Test in One Public Health Center / 아동간호학회지

This descriptive exploratory study was conducted to analyze the results of developmental screening test using DDST and the follow-up diagnostic evaluation in one public health center, and to evaluate the feasibility of developmental screening in nursing. Samples were 373 children under 6 years who visited the public health center. Mothers' satisfaction on the developmental clinic was also determined. Summaries of the results were as follows: 1.0.5% of children in height and 1.9% of children in weight were included in below 3 percentile of Korean children's growth chart, but none of them showed developmental delay. 2.The results of DDST showed 92.1% of subjects were classified as normal, 3.7% as abnormal, and 4.2% as questionable among 354 children. 3. Most of children who showed the abnormal development at the first DDST were confirmed having the developmental delay at the follow-up diagnostic evaluation. On the other hand, most of children who showed the questionable development at the first DDST revealed having the normal development in follow-up screening test. 4. The result of the DDST was influenced by the birth order of the subject and delivery type. 5.The mean satisfaction score by mothers on developmental clinic was 4.35 in 5 Likert scale. In conclusion, we could certain the feasibility and usefulness of developmental screening in community and child care nursing. To fulfil the increasing needs of mothers with infants on the child development, nurses have to provide anticipatory guidance and parent education in addition to the developmental screening test. We hope to expand the developmental screening in nursing field not only of clinical setting but also of community.

Effectiveness of Indoor Environment Management Education for Prevention of Allergic Asthma / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The objective of this research is to provide the indoor environment management education program for the asthma patients and their families and then analyze the effectiveness in education preventing allergic asthma. METHODS: A pre-post single group quasi-experimental design was used to provide an education program about correct indoor environment management to a total of 58 households (29 patient households and 29 normal households). The performance rate of correct indoor environment management procedure, amount of house dust mite antigen, allergy subjective symptoms score and knowledge score about indoor environment management were compared before and after the education to test the effectiveness of the education. RESULTS: Home-visit education in this research had effects in improving subject households' performance rate of indoor environment management procedures, reducing the amount of house dust mite antigen - an important inducing factor of allergy, and reducing perceived subjective symptoms of allergy.

Nurse Managers' Moral Self Concept and Ethical Sensitivity / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: This descriptive study was designed to find out the relationship between moral self concept and ethical sensitivity of nurse managers. METHODS: Study data were collected from Aug 6, 2001 to Aug 24, 2001. Study subjects were 283 nurse managers working in university hospitals. Moral self concept was measured with questionnaire developed by Chung (1965) and ethical sensitivity was measured with the questionnaire developed by the researchers. RESULTS: 1. The score for degree of nurse managers' moral self concept was shown to be an average of 3.06 out of 4.00, which is relatively high. The score for degree of nurse managers' ethical sensitivity was shown to be an average of 2.84 out of 4.00 2. Analysis of correlation between moral self concept and ethical sensitivity showed a statistically significant positive correlation (r= .34, p=.00). 3. In general characteristics, a variable that caused significant difference in moral self concept was the total period of experience as a nurse (F=3.52, p=.02). A variable that caused significant difference in ethical sensitivity was the current working department (F=3.91, p=.01). 4. Nurse administrator's moral self concept was significantly related to ethical sensitivity (r= .34, p= .00). CONCLUSION: It is important to intensify individual moral self concept in order to improve ethical sensitivity of nurse managers. Also, it is recommended that investigate variables affected moral self concept and develop a nursing education program to promote moral self concept in nurse administrators.

Effects of a Occupational Health Promotion Program for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study was to evaluate an occupational health promotion program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. METHOD: This study employed a quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre and post test to evaluate the program. The subjects of this study were 48 employees selected by convenience sampling who were suspected of having hypertension and hyperlipidemia in routine physical examinations and who were working in A University Hospital in Suwon. 25 subjects were assigned to the experimental group and 23 to the control group. Data collection was done using questionnaries before and after the subjects used the program. RESULTS: The results of this study showed that systolic blood pressure, ALT, gamma-GTP in the experimental group was lower than that of the control group. There were significant differences between two groups in the percentage of 'irregularity of diet' and in health behavior compliance. There were significant differences between the two groups in the number of complaints of symptoms after using the program. CONCLUSION: This study shows that there were no obvious differences between the two groups in all areas, but this program had a positive effect on health behavior changes. It is expected that employees' lifestyles can be changed through continuous health promotion programs.

The comparison of quality of life and stress among healthy, allergy and other-diseases groups / 천식및알레르기

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In assessing the health-related quality of life of subjects with allergy, it is important to measure outcomes which are relevant to the concerns of patients. The goals of this study were to compare health-related quality of life and stress level among allergy, healthy and other-diseases groups, and also to compare the relationship of health-related quality of life and stress. METHOD: The study group consisted of 129 subjects with allergy, 139 healthy subjects and 68 subjects with other-diseases. The allergy group was divided into two sub groups: pure allergy group(65) and allergy group with other diseases(64). They completed a questionnaire measuring perceived health-related quality of life, stress and demographic characteristics. The health-related quality of life score was measured by Notingham Health Profile and the stress level was measured by Ok-Suk Lee's instrument. RESULTS: (1) In allergy group with other diseases, the total scores of health-related quality of life were significantly higher than for healthy, pure allergy and other-diseases groups. The results indicated that the perceived health-related quality of life of allergy group with other diseases was in the lowest status among the four groups. (2) Forty-two percent of allergy group with other diseases were in need of treatment for stress level. (3) Level of stress and scores of health-related quality of life have shared linear correlation in healthy and allergy group; higher stress indicates lower status in the quality of life for both groups. CONCLUSION: This study was examined the QOL and the stress level of allergy subjects. When compared with healthy and other-diseases groups, the scores of QOL and the level of stress of the pure allergy group were higher than those of the healthy group, and those of the allergy group with other diseases were also significantly higher than those of the other-diseases group. These results suggest a necessity for futher assessment to improve the QOL and to reduce the stress in allergy subjects.

Study on the Change of Fatigue in Gastrointestinal Cancer Patients With the Time Relapse After Chemotherapy / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: Fatigue is one of the most common complaints of cancer patients. In this study, we analyzed the change of fatigue level and general symptoms as time go by, so that, we could explain more on the mechanism and change of fatigue in relation with treatment, and explore the influencing factors. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 50 GI cancer patients who have visited the cancer center of A hospital in Suwon. We measured fatigue by using the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale(RPFS) at the time of starting and finishing induction chemotherapy, and starting the 2nd cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS: 1) The fatigue score was 2.81, 3.73, and 3.82 in a 10 point scale at the time of starting and finishing induction chemotherapy, and starting the 2nd chemotherapy, respectively. This means fatigue persisted until after the treatment. 2) Fifty two percent of participants complained of some kinds of symptoms when starting the treatment, and the proportion increased up to 92% when finishing the treatment. 3) Fatigue scores were significantly high in patients with fatigue-related symptoms than for patients without those symptoms. 4) Fatigue scores showed significant differences according to patients' general characteristics such as age, educational level, economic status, occupation, diagnosis, hematocrit, weight, and amount of sleepy. CONCLUSION: We have to develop intervention strategies to reduce fatigue in cancer patients in the consideration of influencing factors.

Contents Development of Nursing Information Network / 대한의료정보학회지

There is no nursing information network related to nursing research, clinical test, drug, and law, although primary responsibility is on nurses about medication, and clinical laboratory test such as blood sampling. Majorities of education for nurses on medication and clinical laboratory test are not systematic, and education on medical law that can be protect nurses' right is very limited. Therefore, information exchange and communication among clinical nurses is required to expand nursing knowledge and professionalism. This study was conducted to develop nursing information contents on nursing research trend, drug, clinical test, nursing law, and medical atlas. Those can fulfil the nurses' informational needs. As a result of contents development, nursing information site was constructed that can offer all nursing related informations using direct link services. In this site, nurses can integrate informations on nursing research, nursing education, and nursing practice systematically with diversity.

Comparison of Selective Media for Culture of Helicobacter pylori / 대한임상미생물학회지

BACKGROUNDS: Culture of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) from gastric biopsy specimens is a standard method with high specificity among H. pylori diagnostic tools and is also essential for antibiotic susceptibility test. The authors compared 5 selective media for H. pylori culture and tested fresh human serum instead of fresh animal blood as a media composite. METHODS: Gastric biopsy specimens from endoscopic examination were obtained from 50 patients (gastric ulcer:33, duodenal ulcer:12, stomach cancer:5) and they were finely minced with a tissue grinder. Specimens were inoculated onto 5 media (1. Columbia agar with 5% sheep blood, 2. Columbia agar with 10% human serum, 3. Thayer-Martin agar with 5% sheep blood, 4. T-M agar with 10% human serum, 5. T-M agar with 10% hemoglobin) and cultured for 3~7 days under microaerophilic condition. Gram stain, oxidase, catalase, and urease tests, were undertaken on typical colonies for diagnosis of H. pylori. Contamination by other organisms, number and size of H. pylori colonies were compared for each media. RESULTS: Positive culture rate of H. pylori was not significantly different among 4 media except TM agar with 10% hemoglobin. However T-M agar with 10% fresh human serum was considered as the best composition for culture of H. pylori because it had the least contaminating organisms and produced the largest colony sizes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that T-M agar with 10% fresh human serum can replace columbia agar with 5% sheep blood which has been commonly used for culture of H. pylori from gastric biopsy specimens. Fresh human serum, which is easily obtained in the clinical laboratory, can replace animal bloods in making media for H. pylori.

Effect of Ethics Education on Nurse's Moral Judgement / 간호학회지

This main purpose of this study was to assess the effects of two different types of ethics education on the moral judgement of clinical nurses. One type was free discussions among nurses with given specific moral issues and the other type was discussions guided by experts on specific moral issues. The study employed a quasi-experimental, nonequivalent pre test-post test design using two different control groups. The conceptual framework of the study was derived from the Kohlberg's Moral Development Theory (1969) and the Greipp's Ethical Decision-Making Model (1992). The data was collected during the period of October 14 through December 15, 1998. Sample consists of 32 nurses working in the ICU who met research criteria. 16 nurses were assigned to the free discussion group and 16 nurses to the group for the guided discussion with experts group. For the pre-test, the DIT which was developed by Rest (1984) and JAND by Ketefian (1998) were used with some modification by the author. After the education, only JAND was used to assess the changes in moral judgement. The collected data was analysed using SPSS PC program. The findings are as follows: 1. There was no significant difference between two groups in their general characteristics. Only difference which was statistically significant between two groups was that realistic score on Case 3/Medical Research and Autopsy was higher in the free discussion group. 2. Hypothesis 1: "There will be a difference on the moral judgement of nurses before and after they receive an ethics education". This hypothesis was supported partially. Those who had low scores on moral judgement before the education tended to have higher scores after the education on the same issues. And, after the education, the nurses tend to give lower scores on the dilemmas they had experienced frequently at work; while giving higher scores on those dilemmas they had no prior experience. 3. Hypothesis 2: "The effect of education may differ depended upon the moral development index [P(%)] score of nurses". The effect of education was different depend on moral development level. The group who's P(%) scores was low at the pretest has higher scores in realistic moral judgement after the education, while the groups with middle or high P(%) scores went down after the education. These changes were statistically significant in some cases, thus, the Hypothesis 2 was partially supported 4. Hypothesis 3: "The method of ethics education will have different effects on the moral judgement of nurses". Even though several nurses attended the guided discussion stated that the education program broadend their perspectives the difference between two groups was not significant and this hypothesis was not supported. In conclusion, both types of ethics education had helped the nurses to acquire the skills to deal some nursing dilemmas. The effects of ethics education may differ according to the moral development index - P(%) score. However, because of some of the limitations of this study, mainly small sample size, short term education, unable to control other variables which may affect moral judgement of nurses, further research is warranted.

A Study for Measures to Control of Nosocomial Bacteremia Associated with Contaminated Rubber Caps of Intravenous Fluid / 감염

BACKGROUND: We have experienced sporadic cases of nosocomial bacteremia/sepsis due to contaminated rubber caps of intravenous (IV) fluid bottles from May through August in 1996. We investigated the possible sources of the infections, and developed the measures to control this type of nosocomial infections. METHODS: During initial investigation of an outbreak of sporadic nosocomial bacteremia we could not found possible sources of infections from medical care providers. However, some rubber caps of IV fluid bottles showed water drops on top of them, and were suspected as possible sources of the infection. A total of 95 caps including 50 wet caps and 45 dry caps, were randomly selected from nursing stations and pharmacy receiving area for culture. We also investigated if routine disinfection methods were effective to sterilize the contaminated caps as follows; twenty of 50 wet caps were randomly selected and were divided into 2 groups. Caps of one group were disinfected with 70% isopropanol alcohol wipes and the other with 70% isopropanol alcohol wipes plus Betadine. All caps were subjected to culture before and after disinfections. Cultures were performed on blood agar plate after inoculating by using swab. RESULTS: The result of culture showed that 128 of 50(56%) wet caps were contaminated by Burkholderia picketti, Pseudomonas species, glucose-nonfermenting bacilli, Acinetobacter lowffii and Alkaligenes species. One of 45 (2.2%) dry caps grew Burkholderia picketti and Pseudomonas species. Both 70% isopropanol alcohol and 70% isopropanol alcohol plus povidone-iodine (Betadine) wipes terilized contaminated caps effectively when they were used for disinfecting caps. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that wet caps of IV fluid bottles are indicative of possible contamination by microorganisms. And use of alcohol wipe and/or Betadine to disinfect ontaminated caps at time preparing for infusion of IV fluids can be one of effective sterilization methods.

A survey on the nurses' level of perceived importance and on the level of performance on measures taken for the prevention of nosocomial infection / 감염

No abstract available.

Late Hemorrhagic Disease of Infancy due to Vitamin K Dependent Factor Deficiency

A clinical study was done on 9 children with 10 episodes, who were admitted to our pediatric ward under the diagnosis of late hemorrhagic disease of infancy due to vitamin K dependent factor deficiency. Study period was past 2 years, from September 1979 to May 1981. The following results were obtained. This disorder occurred most frequently during early infancy, with male predominence, male female ratio being 4:1. And breast feeding was noted in 6, with history of previous medication for URI in 7. GIT was the most common site of bleeding occurring in 9 cases, followed by CNS in 3, skin in 1 and nose in 1. Anemia, probably due to blood loss, was seen in 8 cases, and dehydration, oral thrush, fever, irritability, mental change and convulsion were seen in small number of cases. Initial laboratory findings showed prolonged PT and PTT with normal platelet count in all cases. After vitamin K therapy, PT and PTT became normal in majority of cases. Prompt response to vitamin K therapy within 24 hours was noted in 6, prolonged response over 3 days in 2, and one patient showed recurrence at 2(1/2) months after complete recovery from first episode.